ECOWAS at a crossroads - from sanctions and sabre-rattling to restoring legitimacy
A shifting pattern of response to coups in West Africa
For most of its history, ECOWAS has oscillated between economic integration ambitions and an increasingly securitized posture, especially since the 1990s when the region’s “coup belt” reputation hardened. The bloc evolved ad hoc peacekeeping and intervention capacities and, over time, codified zero tolerance for unconstitutional changes of government, pairing normative commitments with coercive tools like sanctions, border closures, and threat of force. This securitized turn reflected a practical need to confront recurring breakdowns of civilian rule even as the institution’s founding economic vision remained intact.